ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate intake, digestibility and performance in dairy heifers fed diets containing increasing levels of babassu cake (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg-1 dry matter - DM) as a substitute for sugarcane treated with calcium oxide. Twenty-four heifers with an initial mean weight of 190.8 + 40.8 kg were used, distributed in a completely randomised design. The dry matter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fibre intake (NDFI) and acid detergent fibre intake (ADFI), as %BW and g BW-0.75 , showed an increasing linear response. The organic matter intake (OMI) showed a linear increase of 40 g day-1, 0.017%BW and 0.66 g BW-0.75 for each 10 g kg-1 increase in babassu cake in the diet. The apparent digestibility of the dry matter (ADDM) and organic matter (ADOM) showed a quadratic response (P < 0.05), with a minimum of 493 g kg-1 DM for 150 g kg-1 DM and 526.5 g kg-1 DM for 320 g kg-1 DM as a substitute for the sugarcane, respectively. The final mean weight was not altered, presenting a value of 299.7 + 45.5 kg. Daily weight gain (DWG) showed a quadratic response, with the highest value at a substitution level of 190 g kg-1 DM. The feed conversion rate of the DM was not affected by the addition of babassu cake, with an average of 4.6 + 0.74 kg DM kg-1 in weight gain. Babassu cake can substitute hydrolysed sugarcane in heifer diets up to 300 g kg-1 DM, with the greatest weight gain seen at a substitution level of 190 g kg-1 DM.

Abstract Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, is a species that is recommended in Ayurvedic medicine for its effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic and memory-stimulant effects. Despite the medicinal potential of this species, its phytopharmaceutical and technological potential to produce standardized extracts has not been investigated. This study analyzes the influence of spray drying parameters on the contents of the chemical markers (total phenolic, total flavonoid, and hibalactone) and the functional properties of H. umbellata extract. The optimization of drying conditions was performed using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology and desirability function approach. The mathematical models fitted to experimental data indicated that all the evaluated drying parameters significantly influenced the chemical contents. The optimal conditions were: inlet temperature of 120 °C, feed flow rate of 4 mL min-1, and colloidal silicon dioxide:maltodextrin ratio of 16%:4%. Under these conditions, the powder samples had spherical particles and desirable physicochemical and functional properties, such as low water activity and moisture content, good product recovery, reconstitution, and flowability. Thus, spray drying might be a promising technique for processing standardized H. umbellata extracts.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate cassava genotypes to identify the ones with the best nutritional values for ruminant diets. Nine genotypes were used: Amansa Burro (BGM 549), Aramaris (BGM 116), Brasília, Cambadinha (BRS Guaíra), Curvelinha, Engana Ladrão (BGM 1269), Trouxinha (BGM 1468), BRS Gema de Ovo, and BRS Dourada. A completely randomized block experimental design with nine treatments (genotypes) and three blocks (replicates) were employed. The roots were analyzed for dry matter production (DMP) in tonnes per hectare, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), starch, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The multivariate analysis was carried out using Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering based on Mahalanobis distance. The groups formed were evaluated by Scott-Knott test. The group formed by genotype Engana Ladrão was chosen as the best one for having the highest DMP t ha-1 and IVDMD values and the lowest NDF and ADF contents.

ABSTRACT. To gain insights into the forage morphological and anatomical characteristics in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Bolsa de Pastor (Zeyheria tuberculosa) and palisadegrass ‘Marandu’ (Urochloa brizantha) monoculture (MONO). The SPS was established through natural regeneration of the tree species. Treatments were a SPS and MONO distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates and repeated measures were the harvest periods. Response variables were morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristicss: green: dead material ratio, leaf blade: stem+sheath ratio, leaf area index, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified areas in stems, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified and chlorophyllous areas in leaves, as well as cell length in longitudinal section of stem. Morpho-physiological patterns were altered (p < 0.05) under natural shading conditions due to higher photosynthetic efficiency in the SPS. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the systems on anatomical patterns, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous, lignified and chlorophyllous tissues, these proportions were influenced only by the periods of the year, both for stems and leaves. Cells of the internodes of the grasses of the studied systems had the same length. The SPS alters morpho-physiological characteristics of palisadegrass and increases the concentration of chlorophyll a and b.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect of months of the year upon the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows raised in an Amazonian climate. Twenty lactating cows were evaluated, fed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture, with free access to water and mineral supplementation. Data from climate variables air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (RA) and temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded dur ing the months of January to April 2019. The physiological data collected were: respiratory rate (RR, mov/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min), rectal temperature (RT, ºC), udder surface temperature (UST, ºC), body surface temperature (BST, ºC), dorsum surface temperature (DST, ºC), front surface temperature (FST, ºC) and rear shin temperature (RST). Milk production (MP) was also measured. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) of RST and RR with values ranging from 34.8 to 35.5°C and 32.0 to 36.2 mov/min, respectively. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) for BST, and the values for MP and THI were 3.8; 3.8; 4.6; 4.1 kg and 77.7; 79.7; 80.6; 80.1, respectively. It was concluded that there was a seasonal effect of the months of the year evaluated on the respiratory rate of animals, however, it did not change the MP and the THI. The Amazon environment is conducive to causing thermal stress in lactating cows raised on pasture, requiring the use of shading to facilitate the ability of these animals to dissipate heat.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sazonais dos meses do ano sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças criadas em clima amazônico. Foram avaliadas 20 vacas lactantes, alimentadas com pasto de Brachiaria decumbens, com acesso livre a água e suplementação mineral. Foram registrados dados das variáveis climáticas temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), precipitação pluviométrica (PP) e índice de temperatura e Umidade (ITU) durante os meses de janeiro a abril de 2019. Os dados fisiológicos coletados foram: frequência respiratória (FR, mov/min), frequência cardíaca (FC, bat./min), temperatura retal (TR, ºC), temperatura superficial do úbere (TSU, ºC), temperatura superfície corporal (TSC, ºC), temperatura superficial do dorso (TSD, ºC), temperatura superficial da fronte (TSF, ºC) e temperatura superficial da canela (TSCA, °C). Também foi mensurada a produção de leite (PL, kg). Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) da TSCA e FR com valores variando de 34,8 a 35,5°C e 32,0 a 36,2 mov/min, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para TSC e os valores observados para PL e ITU foram 3,8; 3,8; 4,6; 4,1 kg e 77,7; 79,7; 80,6; 80,1, respectivamente. Houve efeito sazonal dos meses avaliados sobre a taxa respiratória dos animais, no entanto, isso não alterou a PL nem o ITU. O ambiente amazônico é propício a causar estresse térmico em vacas lactantes mantidas a pasto, sendo necessário o uso de sombreamento para facilitar a capacidade de dissipação de calor corporal desses animais.

Resumo Parijs apregoa que a renda básica universal seria um meio de alcançar uma sociedade que defende os direitos individuais e permite que as pessoas sigam seus interesses. Para ele, uma sociedade justa tem uma estrutura de direitos que é imposta, essa estrutura é tal que cada pessoa é dona de si mesma e permite que cada pessoa tenha a maior oportunidade possível de fazer o que quiser. Por outro lado, Sen visa melhorar a vida humana ao expandir as capabilities e ao promover o desenvolvimento por meio de políticas e mudanças políticas. Para ele, o desenvolvimento tem dois aspectos. Em primeiro lugar, refere-se a avaliar melhorias nas vidas humanas como um objetivo explícito de desenvolvimento e usar as realizações humanas como indicadores cruciais de progresso. Em segundo lugar, o aspecto da agency se concentra no que os seres humanos podem fazer para alcançar essas melhorias. Neste artigo, exploramos se essas teorias têm pontos em comum e se poderiam ser conciliadas. Inicialmente, analisa-se a teoria de Parijs para entender o conceito de renda básica. Em seguida, estuda-se a teoria de Sen, concentrando-se em capabilities e functionings. Posteriormente, verifica-se se garantir uma renda amplia a liberdade. Finalmente, concluí-se que a renda básica é compatível com a abordagem de capacidades, mas não deve ser implementada por si só. A análise emprega o método de abordagem dedutiva e a técnica de pesquisa documental indireta. interesses ele imposta quiser lado aspectos lugar referese refere progresso artigo conciliadas Inicialmente analisase analisa seguida estudase estuda concentrandose concentrando functionings Posteriormente verificase verifica liberdade Finalmente concluíse concluí capacidades só indireta

Abstract Parijs advocates for a basic income as a means of achieving a society that upholds individual rights and allows people to pursue their interests. For him, a just society has an enforced structure of rights; this structure is such that each person owns herself and permits each person to have the greatest possible opportunity to do whatever she wants. Conversely, Sen aims to enhance human life by expanding capabilities and promoting development through policy and political changes. For him, development has two aspects. Firstly, it pertains to evaluating improvements in human lives as an explicit development objective and employing human achievements as crucial indicators of progress. Secondly, the agency aspect focuses on what human beings can do to attain these improvements. In this article, we explore whether these theories share common ground and could be reconciled. Initially, we analyze Parijs’ theory to understand the concept of basic income. Then, we study Sen’s theory, focusing on functionings and capabilities. Subsequently, we inspect whether guaranteeing a income expands freedom. Ultimately, we conclude that the basic income is compatible with the capability approach but should not be implemented by itself. The analysis employs the deductive approach method and the indirect documentary research technique. interests him wants Conversely changes aspects Firstly progress Secondly article reconciled Initially Then Sens s Subsequently freedom Ultimately itself technique

RESUMO Objetivo: tendo em vista o nível de transparência atual das demonstrações financeiras de seguradoras brasileiras, este trabalho buscou avaliar se era possível estimar a suficiência das provisões técnicas de sinistros por ela estimadas. Por serem passivos de prazo ou montante incertos, as estimativas de provisões podem estar subestimadas (comprometendo as seguradoras) ou superestimadas (onerando os sócios), o que justifica a questão de pesquisa. Métodos: após a análise das demonstrações financeiras de 31 seguradoras no Brasil, notou-se que os critérios de divulgação de desenvolvimento de sinistros variavam substancialmente. Assim, foram selecionadas cinco seguradoras que adotaram procedimentos similares e permitiram a aplicação do modelo de bootstrapping para a estimação do nível de suficiência das provisões. Resultados: a aplicação do modelo em tela revelou que há indícios de que as seguradoras podem fazer uso do gerenciamento de resultados por meio da estimação de provisões técnicas de sinistros, repartindo o ônus do risco de insuficiência das provisões de forma diferente entre segurados e acionistas. Conclusão: há diferenças nos níveis relativos de provisões de sinistros reconhecidos pelas seguradoras, demonstrando que há um possível gerenciamento de resultados sendo aplicado por meio de sua estimação.

ABSTRACT Objective: considering the current level of transparency in the financial statements of Brazilian insurers, this study sought to assess whether it was possible to estimate the sufficiency of the claims reserves estimated by it. As they are liabilities with an uncertain term or amount, the estimates of these reserves may be underestimated (compromising the insurers) or overestimated (burdening the shareholders), which justifies the research question. Methods: after analyzing the financial statements of 31 insurance companies in Brazil, it was noted that the criteria for disclosing claims development varied substantially. Thus, five insurers were selected that adopted similar procedures and allowed the application of the bootstrapping model to estimate the sufficiency level of the provisions. Results: the application of the model revealed that there are indications that insurers can make use of earnings management through the estimations of the claims reserves, spreading the burden of claims insufficiency risk differently between policyholders and shareholders. Conclusion: there are differences in the relative amount of claims recognized by the insurers, showing a possible earnings management practice being applied through the claims measurement.

ABSTRACT. This study examines the effect of adding coffee husks (CH), cacao by-product (CBP) and passion fruit by-product (PBP) (fresh-matter basis) in the silage of elephant grass cv. Napier on nutritional characteristics. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement represented by three additives (CH, CBP or PBP) and four inclusion levels (0, 12, 24 or 36%). Four replicates were used per treatment. The material was ensiled in experimental mini-silos that were opened 60 days later for chemical analysis of the produced silages. The dry matter content of the silages with CH and PBP included at levels greater than 25% was adequate. The silage with PBP inclusion showed the highest crude protein levels and the best results for in vitro dry matter digestibility. In the silage containing CH, the neutral detergent fiber content decreased linearly with increasing inclusion of the husks. The silage with CBP showed the lowest dry matter and crude protein levels and the highest pH. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 36% PBP in the ensiling of elephant grass is recommended, as the resulting material has potential for use in ruminant feeding at times of forage scarcity.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar as medidas biométricas in vivo e na carcaça de borregos Santa Inês alimentados com resíduo de cervejaria desidratado. Foram utilizados 35 borregos da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade e peso corporal médio inicial de 16,00 ± 1,69 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco teores de inclusão do resíduo de cervejaria desidratado RCD; (0; 20; 40; 60 e 80%) adicionados à porção concentrada da dieta, com sete repetições. As rações experimentais foram compostas por feno de capim Tifton-85, farelo de soja, milho grão moído, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado nas proporções avaliadas, fosfato bicálcico e núcleo mineral. O escore da condição corporal, o perímetro torácico e a largura da garupa não foram influenciados pelas rações experimentais, bem como as medidas obtidas da carcaça, com exceção do perímetro da garupa, largura do tórax e o índice de compacidade da perna (P>0,05). Contudo, para o índice de compacidade da carcaça e a área de olho de lombo, verificou-se efeito linear decrescente à medida que o RCD foi adicionado à ração. As medidas morfométricas de altura e largura da garupa e largura do peito podem ser utilizadas como alternativa para estimar o peso corporal ao abate e da carcaça fria de borregos Santa Inês alimentados com resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, pois apresentam alta correlação com essas variáveis.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine biometric measurements in vivo and in the carcass of Santa Ines lambs fed dehydrated brewery residue. Thirty-five Santa Ines lambs were used, approximately 70 days of age and with a mean initial body weight of 16.00±1.69 kg. The experimental design was completely randomised, with five levels of dehydrated brewery residue - DBR (0; 20; 40; 60 and 80%) added to the concentrated portion of the diet, with seven replications. The experimental diets consisted of Tifton-85 hay, soybean meal, ground maize, dehydrated brewery residue in the experimental proportions, dicalcium phosphate and a mineral base. The body condition score, thoracic girth and croup width were not influenced by the experimental diets, neither were the carcass measurements, except for croup circumference, chest width and leg compactness index (P>0.05). However, there was a decreasing linear effect on the carcass compactness index and ribeye area as the DBR was added to the diet. The morphometric measurements of croup height and width, and chest width can be used as an alternative for estimating the body weight at slaughter and the cold- carcass weight of Santa Inês lambs fed dehydrated brewery residue, as they show a high correlation with these variables.

ABSTRACT. This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.

ABSTRACT: Ultisols are the most common soil order in the Brazilian Amazon. The Legal Amazon (LA) has an area of 5 × 106 km2, with few accessible areas, which restricts studies of soils at a detailed level. The pedological properties can be estimated more efficiently using statistical procedures and machine learning techniques, tools which are capable of recognizing patterns in a large soil database. We analyzed the main chemical and physical properties of the B horizons of the Ultisols of the Brazilian Amazon, as well as the spatial variability of the most explanatory properties of these horizons. Physical and chemical data of 1,068 profiles of the RadamBrasil Project were used. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied and the most explanatory variables were separated by morphostructural units and climate zones. The technique of machine learning was used for spatialization of the explanatory variables based on predictive covariates. In general, the horizons are thick, clay, with a predominance of negative charges, and low levels of exchangeable cations. The variables retained in the PCA were: sum of bases (SB), Al3+, degree of flocculation (Floc), ∆pH, and organic carbon content (C). Areas of greater precipitation have low SB, with higher values in the basement complex (BC) and in areas under the Andean influence. Higher levels of Al3+ and degrees of flocculation were also associated with greater precipitation. However, the soils are predominantly electronegative, showing a kaolinitic mineralogy. The C contents in general were low, with an increase in more humid zones due to the process of mineralization and illuviation (podzolization), and in the BC due to the protection of C by the aggregation of clay. The use of multivariate analysis allowed a better understanding of the Ultisols’ main properties in different morphostructural and climatic domains, and its spatialization facilitated the interpretation of properties and their relationships with environmental characteristics in the Legal Amazon.

RESUMO A inserção das árvores em sistemas de integração lavoura, pecuária e floresta (ILPF) permite diversificar a produção, aumentar a rentabilidade por área e proporcionar maior conforto animal. Entretanto, a influência do componente arbóreo sobre os atributos químicos do solo neste sistema ainda é pouco estudada. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das árvores e das faces de exposição solar sobre a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo em diferentes distâncias de renques de árvores em um sistema de integração lavoura pecuária floresta. O trabalho foi realizado no norte do estado do Mato Grosso, em região de transição Cerrado/ Floresta Amazônica em um sistema ILPF com o componente arbóreo formado por renques de três linhas de eucalipto. A avaliação efetuada no segundo ano de implantação do sistema ILPF considerou o efeito da distância das árvores (3, 6, 10 e 15 m) em duas faces de exposição solar (norte e sul) sobre os principais atributos químicos do solo. A amostragem do solo foi efetuada nas profundidades de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. Os resultados indicaram homogeneidade dos teores médios de nutrientes obtidos nas faces norte e sul, bem como na comparação das mesmas distâncias nas duas faces de exposição avaliadas. Efeitos das árvores sobre os atributos químicos do solo foram verificados apenas quando da análise isolada na face norte para os teores de K e Al. Para esses atributos, o aumento da distância do renque foi associado à redução dos teores nas camadas mais superficiais e mais profundas, respectivamente. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo não é afetada significativamente pelas árvores nos primeiros anos de implantação do sistema ILPF em sistemas em que há homogeneidade na incidência de raios solares nas faces de exposição, ainda que possa reduções discretas de nutrientes com o distanciamento das árvores.

ABSTRACT The use of trees in integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems (ICLF) allows diversifying production, increasing profitability per area, and providing a higher animal comfort. However, the influence of tree component on soil chemical attributes in this system is still little studied. This study aimed to assess the effect of trees and sun-exposed faces to solar radiation on soil nutrient availability at different distances of tree rows in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system. This study was carried out in the northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in the Cerrado - Amazon Forest transition region in an ICLF with the tree component formed by three eucalyptus rows. The assessment carried out in the second year of ICLF implantation considered the effect of tree distances (3, 6, 10, and 15 m) on two sun-exposed faces to solar radiation (north and south) on the main soil chemical attributes. Soil sampling was performed at depths of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m. The results indicated a homogeneity of the average nutrient contents obtained in the north and south-exposed faces, as well as in the comparison of the same distances in both assessed sun-exposed faces. Effects of trees on soil chemical attributes were verified only when an isolated analysis was carried out in the north-exposed face for K and Al contents. For these attributes, the increased distance in the row was associated with a reduction in their contents in the more superficial and deeper layers, respectively. Trees do not significantly affect soil nutrient availability in the first years of ICLF implantation in systems with homogeneity of solar radiation incidence in the sun-exposed faces although there may be discrete nutrient reductions with the distance of trees.

RESUMO Os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) têm ganhado destaque nas últimas décadas como uma alternativa de uso sustentável das terras, especialmente em regiões onde existe pressão contra a expansão agropecuária sobre ecossistemas protegidos, como é o caso da Amazônia Brasileira. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos após um ano da adoção de sistema ILPF em região de transição Cerrado/Amazônia, buscando verificar suas consequências sobre a qualidade do solo em relação a outros usos da terra tradicionais na região (floresta plantada, lavoura, pastagem e mata nativa). Os resultados não indicaram efeitos negativos do sistema ILPF sobre a qualidade física do solo, que somente foi impactada negativamente no tratamento lavoura. Dos usos da terra avaliados, os de menor impacto sobre a qualidade física do solo foram o sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta e a floresta plantada.

ABSTRACT Integrated crop-livestock-forest (iCLF) systems have gained prominence in the past decades as an alternative of sustainable land use, particularly in regions in which there is pressure against agricultural expansion in protected ecosystems such as the Brazilian Amazon. In this context, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of one year of use of the iCLF system in the Cerrado/Amazon transition region to determine its impact on soil quality compared to other traditional land uses in the region (planted forest, crop, forage, and native forest). The results indicated that the iCLF system did not jeopardize the soil physical quality, and only the crop land use affected the soil physical attributes. The land uses with the lowest impact on the physical condition of the soil were the iCLF system and the planted forest.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets containing sunflower or corn silages and concentrate based on citrus pulp or ground corn on intake, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior, microbial protein production, and production, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk from dairy cows. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows (586±61 kg live weight; 25.0±4.0 kg daily milk yield at 80 to 120 days in milk) were randomly assigned to a double 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial array. The experimental diets were: sunflower silage + citrus pulp-based concentrate; sunflower silage + ground corn-based concentrate; corn silage + citrus pulp-based concentrate; and corn silage + ground corn-based concentrate. The dry matter intake was highest for diets containing sunflower silage and lowest for diets with citrus pulp. Sunflower silage provided the highest intakes of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and ether extract. Except for the ether extract, the type of forage and carbohydrate did not influence the apparent nutrient digestibility. The forage and carbohydrate sources did not influence the feed eating time, but animals fed sunflower silage showed decreased rumination time and chewing activity. The microbial protein production was not altered with the diets. No differences were observed for milk production or composition, except for the milk urea nitrogen and lactose concentration. The type of forage influenced the milk fatty acid profile, to which corn silage presented higher values for fatty acids up to a 17-carbon chain length. The inclusion of sunflower silage and citrus pulp, compared with corn silage and ground corn, alters dry matter intake and ingestive behavior, but maintains milk production and composition with satisfactory characteristics of the milk fatty acid profile, providing an alternative feed for dairy cows.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mandible fractures are the second most frequent type of facial injury according to most studies. However, the epidemiological data on mandible fractures may vary between countries, or according to the trauma mechanism and the period of injury evaluation, owing to the influence of cultural, technological, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This type of trauma comprises an important cost and morbidity factor. The aim of this study was to outline the epidemiological profile of mandible fractures treated at the Cajuru University Hospital from 2010 to 2013. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was performed with 236 patients hospitalized in the Cajuru University Hospital, from January 2010 to July 2013, in whom mandible fracture was diagnosed. Only patients with complete records were included in the study, resulting in a total of 150 patients. Results: From the 150 records analyzed, it was found that mandible fractures were more prevalent in males, and the average age of patients was 29.9 years. Concerning the trauma-causing mechanisms, the most common were interpersonal violence (36.7%), traffic accidents (36.7%), and wounds caused by firearms (16%). Plate and screw fixation was the most frequently used treatment (111 patients). Conclusions: Mandible fractures were mainly caused by interpersonal violence, and were more frequent in young males. Multiple fractures were present in almost half of the patients. In single fractures, the condyle and parasymphysis regions were the most affected. Open treatment was most commonly performed, with reconstruction with a titanium plate being the most common approach.

RESUMO Introdução: As fraturas mandibulares correspondem ao segundo tipo de lesões faciais mais frequentes na maioria dos estudos. Contudo, os dados epidemiológicos desta fratura podem variar conforme o país, o mecanismo de trauma e a época em que foram avaliadas, uma vez que são influenciadas por fatores culturais, tecnológicos, ambientais e socioeconômicos. Consistem em importante fator de custo e morbidade. Delinear o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de fratura de mandíbula tratados no Hospital Universitário Cajuru no período entre 2010 e 2013. Método: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, observacional e descritivo de 236 pacientes internados no Hospital Universitário Cajuru, no período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2013, diagnosticados com fratura de mandíbula. Foram incluídos no trabalho apenas os pacientes que apresentavam os prontuários contendo informações completas, totalizando 150 pacientes. Resultados: Dos 150 prontuários analisados, encontrou-se prevalência das fraturas de mandíbula no sexo masculino, média de idade de 29,9 anos. Em relação ao mecanismo de trauma, as mais comuns foram a agressão interpessoal (36,7%), acidentes automobilísticos (36,7%), ferida por arma de fogo (16%). Com relação ao tratamento, o uso de placa e parafuso foi a forma mais realizada (111 pacientes). Conclusões: As fraturas de mandíbula são causadas principalmente por agressão interpessoal, são mais incidentes em homens e jovens. As fraturas múltiplas estão presentes em quase metade dos pacientes. Nas fraturas únicas, a região do côndilo e parassínfise foram, ambas, as mais acometidas. O tratamento cruento foi o mais empregado, sendo a reconstrução com placa de titânio a forma mais comum.